1. V S Naipaul, India: A Million Mutinies Nowback
  2. S Clarke, Dalits and Christianity: Subaltern Religion and Liberation Theology in Indiaback
  3. W Fernandes (ed), The Emerging Dalit Identity: The Reassertion of the Subalternsback
  4. S Clarke, Op. Cit. p. 6back
  5. Gidoomal and Fearon, Karma n Chips: The New Asian Age of Spirituality p.23back
  6. Quoted in: 'T Manickam cmi, social Change for Social Justice Ideals and Hurdles in the Hindu Ethos,' in D S Amalorpavadas (ed), The Indian Church in the Struggle for a new society p.273back
  7. Ibid.back
  8. Unfortunately there appears to be no complete version of the Manusmrti available in English, although it is available in Hindi, and segments are discussed by authors in English language papers.back
  9. T M Manickani, 'Manu's Vision of the Hindu Dharma,' in Dharma, Vol. 1, No. 1,2, 1976, p. 100back
  10. 'B Das, Dalits and the Caste system,' in J Massey (ed), Indigenous people: Dalits p. 58back
  11. B S Dalawari, 'Why Blame Upper Castes if Dalits themselves crush Dalits?' in Dalit Voice, Vol. 18, No. 9, 1999, pp. 18-19V T Rajshaker, 'We Blame Upper Castes for corrupting and Co-opting Dalits', in Dalit Voice Vol. 18, No. 9, 1999, pp. 19-20back
  12. S Ignacimuthu, S J, Encountering the Liberating God p. 15back
  13. "The Orissa Endowment Act" in Von Snietencron and Kung (eds), Christianity and the World Religions p. 139back
  14. 'J Massey, Historical Roots,' in J Massey (ed), Op. cit. p. 6back
  15. K P Kuruvila, Dalit Theology: An Indian Christian Attempt to Give Voice to the Voiceless, http://www.wwa.com/~sak777/Dalit.htmback
  16. 'C U Wolf, Poor', in G A Buttrick (ed), The Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. III p. 843back
  17. K P Kuruvila, Op. Cit.back
  18. In Conversation, in a Hostel, in Chennai.back
  19. Conversation with a Roman Catholic Priest at St Joseph's School, Vadodaraback
  20. E S Raj, The Confusion Called Conversionback
  21. Fernandes, Conversion to Christianity, Caste Tension and Search for a New Identity in Tamil Nadu', in W Fernandes (ed), Op. Cit. p. 152back
  22. Ibid.back
  23. Ibid. p. 154back
  24. Examples can be found in: Martis and Desai, Burnt Alive: The Staines and the God they loved pp. 207-215back
  25. Reported by the internet site, Dalit Christians of India, http://dalitchristians.com/breaking_news.htm back
  26. Examples are Salt and Light, New Frontiers International, and New Life.back
  27. Reported in conversation in Mumbai. back
  28. S Kapoor, Great Leaders: Bhimrao Ambedkar p. 51 back
  29. Quoted by 'P Arockiadoss, S J, The Significance of Dr Ambedkar for Theologising in India,' in V Devasahayam (ed), Frontiers of Dalit Theology p. 307 back
  30. G Omvedt, Dalits and the Democratic Revolution: Dr Ambedkar and the Dalits in colonial India p. 230 back
  31. For Example, the Ramabai Colony of Ghatkopar, a majority Dalit slum of more than 100,000 Ambedkarites. back
  32. G Omvedt, Op. Cit. p. 177 back
  33. O C Cox, Caste, Class and Race: A Study in social Dynamics p. 301 back
  34. G Omvedt, Op. Cit. p. 183 back
  35. Ibid. p. 185 back
  36. Y Chadha, Rediscovering Gandhi pp. 216-217 back
  37. Ibid. p. 311 back
  38. M Amaladoss, S J, A Call to Community: The Caste System and
  39. Christian Responsibility back
  40. According to the staff of non governmental organisations. back
  41. F J Balasundaram, dalits and Christian Mission in Tamil Country back
  42. Y Chadha, Op. Cit. back
  43. S D Theertha, History of Hindu Imperialism back
  44. Ibid. back
  45. E S Raj, Op. Cit. back
  46. Y Chadha, Op. Cit. back
  47. P Arockiadoss, S J, Op. Cit. back
  48. Beaver et. al., A Lion Handbook: The World Religion back
  49. E S Raj, Op. Cit. back
  50. Y Chadha, Op. Cit. back
  51. E S Raj, Op. Cit. back
  52. From conversations with Inidan tourists and locals around India. back
  53. G Gutierrez, A Theology of Liberation back
  54. J Webter, The Pastor to the Dalits back
  55. Quoted in 'A P Nirmal, Towards a Christian Dalit Theology', in J Massey (ed), Op. Cit. back
  56. K P Kuruvila, Op. Cit. back
  57. W Fernandes, Op. Cit. (Introduction), p. 1 back
  58. 'M E Prabhakar, Christology in Dalit Perspectives', in V Devasahayam (ed), Op. Cit., p. 142 back
  59. Ibid. back
  60. F J Balasandaram, EATWOT in Asia: Towards a Relevant Theology, p. 219 back
  61. M E Prabhakar, Op. Cit. back
  62. J Massey, Historical Roots, Op. Cit., p. 7 back
  63. Ibid. back
  64. S Clarke, Op. Cit. back
  65. 'S Clarke, Op. Cit.', p. 219 back
  66. G Gutierrez, Op. Cit., p. xxv back
  67. Ibid., p. xxvi back
  68. Ibid., p. xxvii back
  69. F J Balasandaram, Op. Cit., p. 187 back
  70. Ibid., p. 199 back
  71. 'G Soares-Prabhu, Class in the Bible: The Biblical Poor a Social Class?' in Arokiasamy, S J, and Gispert-Sauch, S J, Liberation in Asia: Theological Perspectives, p. 86 back
  72. G Omvedt, Op. Cit., p. 97 back
  73. Ibid., p. 249 back
  74. J Massey, Op. Cit., p. 87 back
  75. 'An inscribed stone found near Rosetta on the Western mouth of the Nile in 1799. Its text is written in three scripts: hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek. The deciphering of the hieroglyphs by Jean-Francois Champolion in 1822 led to the interpretation of many other early records of Egyptian civilisation.' The New Oxford Dictionary of English, p. 1615 back
  76. 'J Massey, Historical Roots' in Massey (ed) Op. Cit., p. 7 back
  77. 'E Mackay, Early Indus Civilisation' quoted in Massey, Op. Cit., p. 13 back
  78. J Webster, The Dalit Christians: A History, p. 1 back
  79. 'Suh Nam-dong, Historical References for a Theology of Minjung', in Minjung Theology: People as the Subjects of History, p. 156 back
  80. 'S Kappen, Towards an Indian Theology of Liberation', in F Wilfred (ed), Leave the Temple Indian Paths to Human Liberation, p. 151 back
  81. G Gutierrez, Op. Cit., p. xxxiii back
  82. S Clarke, Op. Cit., p. 47 back
  83. 'A Nirmal, Doing Theology from a Dalit Perspective', in A Nirmal (ed), A Reader in Dalit Theology, p. 141 back
  84. R Boyd, An Introduction to Indian Christian Theology, pp. 37-39 back
  85. Ibid., pp. 167-172 back
  86. Ibid., pp. 174-176 back
  87. 'T M Hinga, Jesus Christ and the Liberation of Women in Africa', in U King (ed), Feminist Theology from the Third World: A Reader, p. 261 back
  88. J Pelikan, Jesus Through the Centuries: His Place in the History of Culture, p. 2 back
  89. L Boff, Jesus Christ Liberator: A Critical Christology of our Time, p. 7 back
  90. R Beckford, Jesus is Dread: Black Theology and Black Culture in Britain, p. 72 back
  91. Ibid., p. 73 back
  92. For example, in Terrence McNally's play 'Corpus Christi' which made its debut at the Edinburgh festival in 1999. For a review see www.slate.com/Browser'98-09/Browser.asp back
  93. 'M E Prabhakar, Op. Cit.', p. 414 back
  94. M R Arulraja, Jesus the Dalit, Chs VI-VII back
  95. 'M E Prabhakar, Op. Cit.' back
  96. 'P M Larbeer, Op. Cit.', p. 390 back
  97. Ibid. back
  98. Ibid., p. 391 back
  99. For example: C H Kyung, Struggle to be the Sun Again: Introducing Asian Women's Theology, p. 11 back
  100. R Ruether, Womanguides: Readings toward a Feminist Theology back
  101. U King (ed), Op. Cit. back
  102. 'N G Prasuna, The Dalit Woman', in V Devasahayam (ed) Op. Cit., p. 103 back
  103. Ibid., p. 104 back
  104. 'M K R Selvi, The Dalit Woman-The 4th Class Citizen', in V Devasahayam (ed), Op. Cit., p. 127 back
  105. 'A Gnanandason, Dalit Women-The Dalit of the Dalit', in A Nirmal (ed), Towards a Common Dalit Ideology, p. 110 back
  106. V Devasahayam, Dalits and women: Quest for Humanity back
  107. 'B Bagul, Mother', in A Dangle (ed), Homeless in my Land: Translations from Modern Marathi Short Stories, pp. 27-36 back
  108. S Clarke, Op. Cit., p. 45 back
  109. J Webster, The Pastor to the Dalits, p. 1 back
  110. Ibid., p. 7 back
  111. Ibid., p. 16 back
  112. 'E Zelliot, From Untouchable to Dalit', quoted in J Massey (ed), Op. Cit., p. 271 back
  113. 'L Murugkar, Dalit Panthers: A militant Movement in Maharashtra', in Massey (ed), Op. Cit., p. 98 back
  114. Ibid. back
  115. Ibid., p. 99 back
  116. Ibid., p. 104 back
  117. Ibid., p. 200 back
  118. V T Rajshaker Shetty, Dalit Movements in Karnataka, p. 52 back
  119. Ibid., p. 61 back
  120. www.unet.ac.at back
  121. 'W Haval, The Storeyed House', in A Dangle (ed), Op. Cit, pp. 9-16 back
  122. L Green, 'Oral Culture and the World of Words', in Theology, Vol. CII, No. 809, 1999, p. 333 back
  123. 'Parathai (J T Appavoo), Dalit Way of Theological Expression', in V Devasahayam (ed) Op. Cit., p. 287 back
  124. 'A Raj, Disobedience: A Legitimate Act for Dalit Liberation', A Nirmal (ed), Towards a Common Dalit Ideology, p. 49 back
  125. G Gutierrez, Op. Cit., p. 160 back
  126. T L Schubeck, S J, Liberation Ethics: Sources, Models, and Norms back
  127. Asian Age, Mumbai, May 1999 back
  128. MID-DAY Poona, Pune, 7 May, 1999 back
  129. P Jayakar, Indira Gandhi: A Biography, p. 16 back
  130. Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version back