ASIM'S WEBWORLD View: Main School Main AP Biology Chapter Guides RELATED LINKS Chapter Outline		AP BIOLOGY: Chapter Twenty-Three Review Answers 1. The controversial idea was that humans arose as a result of a long process of evolutionary change as opposed to being created in the image of God. Present-day controversy exists over where science stops and religion begins. 2. The first primates were the prosimians. The significant contribution to their selective success was their improved ability to live in trees and capture insects. 3. Binocular vision combined with grasping digits allowed for development of greater intelligence among the primates. 4. Lemurs exist only in Madagascar, an island which is rapidly becoming deforested. If deforestation continues, these primitive primates will soon be extinct in the wild. 5. Monkeys are diurnal, and possess both color vision and an opposable thumb. These adaptations make them more competitive and successful in nature. 6. Almost all apes are larger than monkeys, posseses larger brain cavities, and have no tails. 7. Human and chimpanzee nucleotide sequence is so similar because the evolutionary divergence between the chimpanzees and humans was so recent. 8. The earliest hominids were called australopithecines, and appeared fifteen million years ago. They were distinguished from the apes by a larger brain case and upright (bipedal) gait. 9. Raymond Dart was fortuitously provided with a fossil hominid skull in 1924, which he ascertained was in a fossil strata several million years old. Until his report, hominids were thought only to be less than half a million years old. 10. There have been three species of humans. Homo habilis lived in Africa 1.6 million years ago. Homo erectus was also seen in Africa 1.5 million years ago, but became a more successful and widespread species than H. habilis, being identified in Java and China as well as Africa. Homo sapiens arose about 500,000 years ago, almost certainly from a single African ancestor. 11. The group was short lived and very similar to the australopithecines. 12. After watching orangutans in the zoo, Dubois felt they were similar to Javanese "mountain men," and went there to look for fossils. When he found them, it put hominids at a far earlier date, a date the scientific community was not prepared to accept for some thirty years. 13. H. erectus was taller, walked upright, had a larger braincase, had prominent brow ridges, and a rounded jaw. 14. Evidence from mitochondrial DNA casts serious doubt on the hypothesis that humans have evolved more than once from separate H. erectus ancestors. 15. It tells us that Africans are the oldest humans, and is almost definitely the continent where Homo evolved prior to its migration all over the globe. 16. Neanderthals originated in Africa, but spread to the European and Asian continents. The fact that they frequently buried their dead with many symbolic artifacts suggests they may have believed in life after death. 17. Cro-Magnons looked more "human-like" and used sophisticated tools out of stone, bone, and horns. They clearly had a complex social organization, probably complete with a well-developed language. They hunted and gathered in cooperative groups, and left the paintings on cave walls that are so spectacular to us now. Fossil evidence shows that Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals existed at the same time, at least in Europe. By 40,000 years ago, the Neanderthals had been completely replaced by the Cro-Magnons.